History revision Essay

business relationship- What historians chose to interpret from the surviving certify of the past Source + Historians = Histories each(prenominal) historians have their own passels and pertains repayable to their upbringing hence that the process of excerption and edition distorts our knowledge further. Issues in historiography Training of historians Objectivity in narrative Oral societies and taradiddle Problems of historical research Universal chronicle Evidence- pick Source- How? Truth- Consensuses Context/ Perspectives Selection- Who decides? Interpretation RevisionIdeology- Reputation, perspective, emerging ideas, lack of evidence ad-lib communication and technique- To place emphasis and how historians chose to say Methodology- How the way you put the sources? (cross-examine, verification) Facts in history History from above or below motif Judgement- Whose? Audience philology History and Ideology- Political beliefs influence Explicit vs. Implicit Something clearly or implied Form of literature- poems, speech What are historical facts? Carl Becker 1. History is subjective- personal desires and prejudices (history changes along with societys values) 2.History is interpreted differently among pile (interpreting what in the past is though) 3. History cannot be re-enacted as a serial publication of events 4. History is writ ex on how much the Historian can purify from the evidence and his knowledge- background, audience, purpose, motive. 5. History is pre-occupied with cold and hard facts and not small token (the obvious history) Case Study Herodotus The historian Born at Halicarnassus (485 BC 425 BC) Exiled due to conspiring against Persians Merchant and traveller Grecian Historian Cannot be set down form bias (critical judgement)Educated (upper class) Harnessed ill feelings to struggleds Persian Motive and part for Writing These are the researches of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, which he publishes, in the hope of thereby preserving from decay the remembrance of what men have done, and of preventing the smashing and wonderful actions of the Greeks and the foreigners from losing their due need of glory and to put on record what were their grounds of controversy To commemorate To preserve the memory of the past by putting on record the astonishing achievements both of his and other people and more particularly.To utter how they come into conflict To record the glory of Greeks To record stories even where justness is impossible (fantasises, legends) Inspired by inhabitation and Hecateus Methodology and Technique experience accounts Values Reports Sources Interests Viewpoints Evidence Books Entertainment Evidence Observations The Mind Enquiries Language and air (words and phrases chosen, speeches, audience) Future Generations Peoples viewpoint/ interpretation Memories Opinions Rumours Claims Honour Home and Hecateus Orally- entertaining Conflicting accounts Type of History Anthropology- study of mankind Ethnolog yTraditions, cultures and phantasmal stories- oracles, wonders, marvels, dreams, myths, omens, sacrifices, prophecies, fables Societies- common practices Orators, politicians, demagogues, battles and struggleriors Polyphonic Constructed and recorded Books- customs, legends, history and tradition (The Histories) warfare between Persia and Greece Social and literary narrative Similar work style from predecessors (Homer and Hecateus oral historians) Knowledge from his extensive travels Consulted witnesses and examined when of all clock possible and dreams, oracles and portents His opinion on plausible reports from unbelievable onesIntention of publishing hence being bias (perspective) Poetry (exaggeration) shock absorber of the historian on historiography Set a standard no national what (guidelines and rules) Creation of Western historical writing Include everything/ everybody Based on research Establishes historical writing as freely economic, political and diplomatic, social, s exual, religious, forces machine or naval History as a field (social, cultural, gendered, religious, political, military An enquiry Storytelling and discipline induce of history and lies Establishes history as a mode of storytellingPost modernism Vocabulary Commemorative Divine hitch Greek pride Patriotic Remembrance Perspective of elite Greek society Broad Perspective Plethora Case Study- Thucydides The historian 460BC- four hundred BC Elite, wealthy, male Early military career was cut of a sudden due to plague in Athens One of Athens ten generals Failing to save Amphipholis, he spends 20 years in exile. He returned at 404 BC. He has the opportunity to travel to both sides during the Peloponnesian contend Age of the sophists- uses debates and rhetoric to argue issues Sceptical and rationalMotive and Purpose for Writing My work is not a piece of writing designed to meet the taste of an immediate public, but was done to last for ever I have written my work, not as an essay whic h is to winnings the applause of the moment, but as a possession for all time Wrote the history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians that it would be a great war and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it Does not glorify war To record Methodology and Technique High value on eyewitness testimoniesEpisodes of himself taking part Consulted written documents Interviews of participants Does not recognise elysian interventions ripe historical objectivity Chronology- summers and winters Debates that he records From memory Sharp analysis of causes and effectuate Language and Style (words and phrases chosen, speeches, audience) To last through the ages Prose literature Speeches- adds realism Cross-examination rigour of their ideas on logic and rational thought process Debates Morals Type of History Political and military historyDetailed writing of military, naval battles, training for battles, encouraging speeches by generals, effects and consequence s of war Peloponnesians War Events (no arts, literature or society) War of Greeks- disputes, colonies, war, envoys Fast moving, precise, directed, decisive, carefully structured and highly analytic unmitigated chronological method Monologic Constructed and recorded Sophists speeches (used debates and arguments and counter argument, view and counter view, opinion and counter opinion) ObjectiveBook- History of the Peloponnesian War Headlined and narrow events- military and political and diplomatic Impact of the historian on historiography Invention of a chronological way Developed an understanding of homophile nature explaining behaviours in such crises (plagues, massacres and civil war) instead on divine intervention History is based on logic and rational reasons and thinking Increased of accuracy and reliability of sources Sharp analysis of causes and effectFather of scientific history- strict standard of evidence gathering and analysing of evidence History was to learn from the p ast therefore making better decisions in the future Didactic- to teach Vocabulary Rhetoric of uncertainty with phrases like utilise in evoking in detail Focus on a great historical period, a period of war Analytical No criticisms Refers to an interpretation Innovative Critical World history Case Study- Horrible Histories, watery-eyed Deary Aim/ purpose Entertainment, monetary, childrens interest in historyMotive Make a statement (anti-authority & context) as school interest in history is declining Methodology Consults historians (record, writing, collecting) Have professional actors Scripts (Performance) Series on Television (BBC) Language/ style Colourful bright colours In a humorous way Stories about people, in dramatic situations, with jokes Gags image Impact Refocus the presentation of history to young children From being dry out and dull to with humour History is now acceptable to be shown on TV for children Information of history has changed dramatically Case Study- Bede