Judicial Response to Environmental Issues in India

Environmental protection during the last few years has become not only a matter of national concern but of global importance. It is now an established truth beyond all doubts that without a clean environment the very survival of mankind is at stake. Decline in environmental quality has been evidenced by increasing pollution, loss of vegetal over and bio-diversity, excessive concentration of harmful chemicals in the ambient atmosphere and food chains, growing risks of environmental accidents and threat to life support systems. This has drawn the attention of entire world community and therefore they resolved to protect and enhance the environment quality. How could the judiciary remain a silent spectator when the subject has acquired high importance and become a matter of caution and judicial notice. In a developing country like India, with uneducated masses, conditions of abject poverty, where the awareness of socio-economic and ecological problems in lacking, the judiciary has to play an active role to protect the people’s right against the anti-people order by infusing confidence in people as a whole for whom it exists, for as rightly put by Justice Lodha, â€Å"Judiciary exists for the people and not vice-versa. † Judiciary therefore cannot sit in silence and helplessly but must come forward actively to make good the deficiencies of law and provide relief wherever and whenever required. The Judiciary remained as a spectator to environmental exploitation until recently. But now judiciary assumed an effective role of public educator, policy maker, super-administrator, and more generally, amicus environment. In India Environmental law is judicial response to the queries of its citizens against environmental exploitation and administrative sloth and also role played by the public interest litigation. Since 1985 most of the environment cases in India have been brought before the court as writ petitions, normally by individuals acting on pro bono basis. While numerous legislative steps have been taken to give effect to the significant right of man to live in a sound environment and the corresponding duty of the state and individuals to ensure environmental preservation and conservation, our present endeavor is to analyze the steps taken by judiciary to forward this goal. To achieve this end, the judiciary had evolved certain principles to provide effective remedy in case of violation of constitutional and legislative mandate. In the subsequent sub divisions, several concepts which the judiciary has evolved in order to give force to the right of man to a healthy environment would be briefly dealt with. Right to a Wholesome Environment Judicial recognition of environmental jurisprudence, in the backdrop of industrialization, reached its peak with the pronouncement of the Supreme Court that right to wholesome environment is a part of Article 21 of the Constitution. In Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar, the court observed that Article 32 of the Constitution has been designed to enforce the fundamental rights of the citizen. The said articles provides for extraordinary procedure to enforce the right of a person. The right to life under Article 21 includes the right to enjoyment of pollution free water and air for full enjoyment of life. Judicial concern regarding right to wholesome environment has been reflected in subsequent pronouncements. It has issued appropriate directions where the government machinery has failed to perform its statutory duty, and thereby undermined the right to life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. In Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action and Other v. Union of India and Others, the chemical industries surrounding Bichhri Village in Udaipur (Rajasthan) contaminated the water, soil and air through the discharge of highly toxic effluents, particularly iron-based and gypsum based sludge. The court interfered to give proper remedy to the destitute villagers. It opined that the social interest litigation under Article 32 of the Constitution was a weapon in the hands of the people to enforce their right to wholesome environment, when it was blatantly disregarded by industries. In other words, the court reaffirmed that right to clean environment is an important facet of the right to life. In RLE Kendra Dehradun v. State of Uttar Pradesh, the apex court declared that right to life includes ‘the right of the people to live in the healthy environment with minimal disturbance of ecology and without avoidable hazard to them and to their cattle, home and agriculture land and undue affection of air, water and environment’. Also, the Supreme Court, in Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board v. MV Naydu, has put forward the view that matters relating to environment are of equal significance with those of human rights. In its own words: Environmental concerns arising in this court under Article 32 or under Article 136 or under Article 226 in the High Courts are in our view, of equal importance as Human Rights Concerns. In fact, both are to be traced to Article 21 which deals with fundamental right to life and liberty. While environmental aspect concern ‘life’, human right aspect concern liberty. Principles of Common Law In 1980, the Supreme Court held that clean civic life is the right of the inhabitants who reside within the municipal area. In Municipality Ratlam v. Vardichand, the petitioner, a municipal council, filed an appeal against the direction of the magistrate under section 133 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The judicial magistrate, on application by the people of the area passed certain directions against the civic corporate body to bring cleanliness within the municipal area, as it had been polluted by open drains, human excreta, in absence of proper sanitation, and discharges from alcohol factories. The High Court affirmed the directions issued. Thereafter, the civil corporation filed a Special Leave Petition before the Supreme Court on the ground that the magistrate had no powers to pass order against the municipality. The Supreme Court took a very serious note of the miserable condition of the municipal area which posed health hazards for the people. Additionally the discharges from the alcohol plant overflowed the open drains making the condition more miserable. The Supreme Court issued certain directions, in addition to the magisterial directions, and fixed the time limit within which those were to be implemented. The significant contribution of this judgment, from the point of view of environmental criminal law was that, if any officer of the corporation failed to discharge his duties, then he could be punished under section 188 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. Subsequently, in Ram Baj Shing v. Babulal, the Allahabad High Court tried to read atmospheric pollution within the broad spectrum of private nuisance, and issued permanent injunction against the polluting brick-grinding factory. The court enumerated that the dust emitting from a grinding machine factory created public hazards and injured the health of individual members of the society. ‘Any act would amount to private nuisance which caused injury, discomfort or annoyance to a person. ’ PIL with Reference to Environment Protection Since the last decade, PIL has played a unique role by which people belonging to different walks of life and especially the down trodden are getting social justice from the Supreme Court as well as the High Courts. The PIL is now recognized as an effective instrument of social change. It is because of this new strategic of pro bono litigation that the poor and the down trodden have been able to seek justice from courts. As a result of this development, a spate of environmental cases has been brought before the courts through public interest litigation. They have been filed either by individuals, voluntary organization or by letter/petitions sent to judges. In the following passages an attempt is being made to examine some of the leading judicial pronouncements on the point. i. Delhi Gas Leak case M. C. Mehta v. Union of India, popularily known as Delhi Gas Leak or Oleum Gas Leak Case, is the historic one in the field of environmental justice. The Supreme Court besides laying down substantial principles of law, embarked upon some important questions of law and policy which need to be answered. The Supreme Court laid down two important principles of law; First, the power of the Supreme Court to grant remedial relief for a proved infringement of a fundamental right (in this case Article 21) includes the power to award compensation, albeit in exceptional cases. Thus, the court not only widened the scope of the Article 21 by including in it protection of environment but also included a liability in tort for those harmed others by pollution. Second, the judgment opened a new frontier in the Indian jurisprudence by introducing a new â€Å"no fault† liability standard (absolute liability) for industries engaged in hazardous activities which has brought about radical changes in the liability and compensation laws in India. The new standard makes hazardous industries absolutely liable for the harm resulting from its activities. It is a standard which on its terms, admits of no defences. The case is significant from other points. The court further expanded the scope of â€Å"epistolary jurisdiction† when it reiterated that â€Å"a public spirited individual or a social action group acting pro bono public would suffice to ignite the jurisdiction of this court† and that hyper technical approach that defeated the ends of justice was inappropriate in PIL cases. ii. The Ganga Pollution Case The Ganga pollution cases are the most important water pollution cases in India to date. The brief facts being, in 1985, M. C. Mehta, an activist advocate and social worker, by way of a public interest litigation, filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution inter alia, for the issue of a writ/order/direction in the nature of mandamus, directing Kanpur Municipality to restrain itself from discharging waste water into the river Ganga, and governmental authorities and the tanneries at Jajmau near Kanp ur to stop polluting the river with sewage and trade effluents till such time that they put up necessary treatment plants for treating these effluents. The court in Mehta case I made order against the tanneries, while in Mehta case II ruled against municipalities and other governmental authorities. In Mehta case I, the court realizing the importance of water of the river Ganga in particular, and concerned over the continuing pollution of it by the industries and municipal wastes, reminded the conviction of environmental protection as enshrined in the directive principle in Article 48-A of the Constitution which provides that state shall endeavour to protect and improve environment and to safeguard the forests and the wildlife of the country. Article 51-A which imposes a fundamental duty on the citizens to protect and improve the natural environment. The court also invoked the Water Act as an indication of the importance of the prevention and control of water pollution. The court emphasized that notwithstanding the comprehensive provisions contained in the Water Act the state boards had not taken effective steps to prevent the discharge of effluents in the river Ganga. The court ruled that the fact, as was asserted on behalf of the some of the tanneries, that the effluents were not directly discharged into the river but first discharged in to the municipal sewers, did not absolve them from being proceeded against under the provisions of the law in force, since ultimately the effluents reach the river Ganga from Municipal Sewers. The ourt also invoked Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 as further indication of the importance of prevention and control of water pollution and noted that not much has been done even under the Act by the Central Government to stop the grave public nuisance caused by the tanneries at Jajmau, Kanpur. Mehta Case II related to the action taken against Kanpur Municipality and other Government entities for their failure to prevent waste water flowing to the river Ganga as was asserted in the original petition by the petitioner. Accordingly the Supreme Court directed Kanpur Nagar Mahapalika to: a. Complete the works to improve sewerage system within the target dates mentioned in the counter affidavits and not to delay the completion of those works beyond those dates. b. Take action against the dairies for either removing the waste accumulated near the dairies or to get them shifted to a place outside the city. c. Take immediate steps to increase the size of the sewers and wherever sewerage line is not yet constructed, to get it constructed. d. To construct sufficient number of latrines and urinals for the use of poor people in order to prevent defecation by them on open land. . The practice of throwing corpse and semi burnt corpses be brought to an end immediately. The Municipality and Police should take step to ensure that dead bodies or half burnt bodies are not thrown into the river Ganga. The remarkable thing about this judgment is that thought, it was a case against Kanpur Nagar Mahapalika but the court directed that this will apply mutatis mutandis to all other Mahapalikas and Municipalities which have jurisdiction over the areas through which the river Ganga flows and accordingly directed to send the copy of judgment to all municipalities. ii. Dehradun Quarrying Case Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra, Dehradun v. State of Uttar Pradesh, or Dehradun Valley Litigation as it is commonly known, is one of the most complex environmental case handled by the Supreme Court. It is the first momentous decision of the apex court wherein it was required to balance environmental and ecological integrity against industrial demands on forest resources. The main question before the Supreme Court for consideration was whether the mine lessees could be allowed to mine quarrying operations. In its order of 12 March, 1985, the Supreme Court, after considering the recommendations of the Bhargava Committee, ordered immediate closure of most dangerous mines and those falling within Mussoorie city’s board limits. The court finds that due to working of lime stone quarries there is imbalance to ecology or hazard to healthy environment, then in that case the court will order their closure. The court thus impliedly recognized right to a wholesome environment as implicit in Article 21 of the Constitution. iv. Calcutta Taj Hotel Case Sachidanand Pandey v. State of West Bengal, is an important town planning case which in categorical terms reiterates the court’s duty to protect environment. In this case, the Government of West Bengal gave on lease to the Taj Group, four acres of land belonging to the Calcutta Zoological Garden for the construction of a five star hotel. This garden was located in Alipore, the heart of Calcutta. It was this giving away of the land that w as challenged by a PIL petition, filed originally in the Calcutta High Court by two citizens of Calcutta-one the secretary of the Union of Workmen of the Zoological Garden and the other, a life member of the zoo. The Calcutta High Court upheld the lease in favour of the hoteliers. In appeal the Supreme Court held that ecological balance shall be maintained by the court in spite of the fact that such duty imposed on the government is merely a directive principle of state policy under Part IV of the constitution. The court further held: â€Å"Whenever a problem of ecology is brought before the court, the court is bound to bear in mind Article 48-A of the Constitution and Article 51A(g). When the court is called upon to give effect to the Directives Principles and fundamental duty, the court is not to shrug its shoulders and say that priorities are a matter of policy and so it is a matter for the policy-making authority. The least that the court may do is to examine whether appropriate considerations are borne in mind and irrelevancies are excluded. In appropriate cases the court may go further, but how much further must depend on the circumstances of the case. In view of the above approach the court adopting a liberal approach in favour of the development held that the Government has acted perfectly bonafidely in granting the lease and its action was not against the interests of the zoo or migrant birds visiting the zoo. On the contrary as the proposed hotel is a garden hotel there is every chance of the ecology and environment being improved as a result of planting of numerous trees around the premises and removal of the burial ground and dumping ground for rubbish . Conclusion Thus, the Supreme Court of India had taken into account the right to a healthy environment along with the right to sustainable development and balanced them. This concept of right to a healthy environment and sustainable development are the fundamental human rights implicit in the right to life, which has been constructed as such in many countries. The entire judicial construction by the Supreme Court and the High Courts also reveal the humanitarian approach to these environmental laws with the help of public interest litigations. The Indian Supreme Court was the first to develop the concept of right to healthy environment as a part of life under Article 21 of our constitution. This principle is now been adopted and followed in various other countries now. Suggestions In this paper the researcher wants to recommends the following suggestions. 1)The problem can be very well addressed to masses with the help of clinical environmental education, as there will be specialized treatment to sensitize people about environmental problems. Moreover, innovative minds can come out with very real solutions. 2)There should be separation of funds for issues related to environmental protection and international financial institutions should leap forward to take care of nation. 3)Governments of the nation should make provisions for environmental protection officers, those who should have the power to accept grievances against the public authorities who are not responding to legislative policies of environment protection. )The judiciary should go for dialogic activism i. e. through judgments it should enter a dialogue with several agencies of states to implement the agenda of environmental protection. 5)There should be an environmental census i. e. a questionnaire should be made about the general awareness on environmental protection and to distribute it to the people which would be helpful in the collection of data on prevailing conditions.

Turkish Government Memorandum Regarding

TO: Osman Gunes, Deputy Minister of the Interior, Government of Turkey FROM: Tolgahan P? narsayha, Political Advisor to the Government of Turkey DATE: 10/3/2012 SUBJECT: Addressing the Syrian Refugee Crisis Summary The Turkish Government has spent over $300 million providing for refugees fleeing the conflict in Syria [1]. As a neighboring country with important links to Syria through culture and religion alongside being a democratic country that recognizes international laws regarding refugees, Turkey has an obligation to continue to admit civilians from Syria into its southern provinces.By analyzing Turkey’s political ideals, its adherence to international laws and its ties to Syria and the Islamic world, I emphasize the Government’s duty towards addressing the refugee crisis above any other related issue (as will be further discussed) in this report. Problems associated with the Government’s Allocation of Resources Important issues that may have a bearing on Tu rkey’s provision of adequate resources to refugees include: its support for the Syrian rebels; lack of international action in Syria; and lack of international assistance to Turkey in providing aid and accommodation to refugees [1].These issues may need to be addressed before the Government can completely fulfill its duty towards the safeguarding of innocent civilians. Turkey’s Responsibility as a Regional Power The border between Turkey and Syria stretches 877 km, and is for both countries the longest land border they share with a neighbor [2]. This is significant as the Turkish Government can expect to take in comparatively larger numbers of refugees with relation to Syria’s other border states. In the past Our â€Å"responsibility† to accept refugees at arises from the fact that both Turkey and Syria share extensive historical, cultural and religious ties.Both are members of the OIC and are Muslim countries, and in the eyes of the Islamic world, Turkey has an automatic duty to house fellow Muslims fleeing from the violence. This responsibility is more important for Turkey because it has interests in maintaining strong relations with the predominantly Muslim â€Å"Arab world†; by accepting refugees it is also portraying an image of solidarity with the Syrian people, and this would help strengthen ties with the Arab world which, in light of recent protests for freedom and democracy which have been collectively termed as the â€Å"Arab Spring†, is largely in support of Syrian opposition forces.International Obligations towards the Protection of Victims of Prosecution Turkey is a member of the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), three international agencies that determine the laws and relations that Turkish Government is bound by while it addresses the ongoing refugee crisis in the country’s southern provinces.In adherence with i nternational law and as an upholder of Turkey’s democratic and liberal ideals, the Turkish Government has a basic duty to protect and provide refuge to Syrian refugees fleeing from persecution, as stated in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Options – Re-allocating resources or calling for international assistance From the outset of the war the Turkish Government has undoubtedly been in support of the rebel cause. The Government must seriously consider the impact this may be having on its allocation of resources to accepting and accommodating refugees.As previously mentioned, international laws dictate that civilians fleeing persecution have a right to seek refuge in a foreign country. Therefore the Government’s main priority as a foreign state should be to funnel resources into building adequate facilities for civilians. In direct relation to this, Turkey should also consider how its participation in the Syrian conflict will benefit the Syrian people and at the same time how it will benefit the economy and security of Turkey. Public support for Turkey’s foreign policy towards Syria is low and the public view of the Government’s handling of the conflict is largely negative.While the Government stands for the â€Å"freedom† of Syrian people it needs to seriously re-evaluate its position; it is a neighbor country and therefore has no duty to react to the internal political situation in Syria until an international consensus can be reached. Until that point it should focus on strengthening the Turkish border, screening incoming refugees and providing facilities for them. Recommendations The refugee crisis is just one form of the greater humanitarian catastrophe that has resulted from the Syrian uprising.Although Turkey’s interests and obligations lie in protecting persecuted civilians, it must also consider wider issues regarding the conflict, including the impact of its support for Syrian opposition for ces, as well as more pertinent humanitarian issues like the displacement of Syrians within Syria itself. The Government should therefore continue to lobby the international community to take action in Syria; more than this, it should seek assistance from international governments in building refugee camps and providing aid to civilians, in order to supplement dwindling resources.

Social Work and Empowerment Assignment

The purpose of this essay is to explore social work theory and practice. The essay is based on a scenario of a father (Mathew), who after many years of caring for his disabled son (David), and having suffered a stroke attack an year ago, finds he is struggling to care for himself or the son. In relation to working with the elderly, the essay will discuss the roles of a social worker, the practice of empowerment, possible ethical dilemmas and an anti-oppressive practice. The type of agency chosen for this essay is Learning Disability Partnership (LPD) in Cambridgeshire. LPD is an organisation, which includes multi-disciplinary teams of Social Care Services and Health professionals. LPD dedicates services which help learning disabled people lead normal lives and life in abundance. Fully aware of the strain and stress brought on by caring, LPD tries to provide services which help people with learning disabilities, and their carers, to cope with these pressures. The diversity of social work roles in this organisation includes advocacy, direct change agent and executive. These roles can be used singly, or as a combination of two roles. The role of advocacy is about people speaking up for themselves directly or indirectly (Beckett, 2006: 9). Despite having communication problems, and assumning a positive mental capacity rationale on David, a social worker may advocate for David by providing specialist communication equipment that enable him to directly communicate without undue influence by his father. Similarly, in the best interests of David and Matthew advocacy is met through negotiations for services and resources within the agency or through multi-disiplinary teams, this is a mixed role of a negotiator and a co-ordinator. The social worker is obliged to assess the needs of Matthew and David for community care services and implement services accordingly, role of a care manager. Simultaneously, eligibility criteria are checked (role of a researcher) after which costs and services availability are checked before commissioning resources. For effectiveness, a social worker must have sufficient knowledge, skills and values to conduct good professional practice. Empowerment means â€Å"working in a way aimed at increasing people's sense of power and control over their lives† (Beckett, 2006:126). The British Association of Social Workers (BASW) includes in their definition of social work the promotion of â€Å"†¦ social change†¦ and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. † (Thompson 2001) cites empowerment as an ongoing â€Å"process† and a â€Å"goal† that takes a long time. Cooper (2000:15) cites the four major principles of empowerment as â€Å"entitlement which include legislation, rights and policies; social model which looks at social, economic and culture; needs-led assessment which looks at wants in life; and promotion of choice and control which moves institutionalisation to independent living†¦ In view of this topic's diversity I shall address each principle briefly. In terms of entitlement law, rights and policies offer guidance and support, good example been the 1990 Community Care Act and the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 which places a duty and requirement on local authority to provide services, resources and funding for services and resources for the needy people in the community (Brammer, 2003:304). To empower David and Matthew rights to live in own home entitlement services like home carer provide personal care and help with shopping. David may also be entitled to practical home assistance to improve on safety and mobility. However, despite been eligible for service, due to limited resources services may not be easily implemented by local authority. The main objective of need's led assessment is to concentrate more on individual needs and preferences rather than the services available. Needs determine the level of assessment required based mainly on empowerment and choice (Parker, Bradley, 2007). Contrary, defining the meaning of ‘need' inevitably leads to procedural bias and restriction of services due to financial constraints. If the service user satisfies the local authorities eligibility criteria then they have a legal duty to provide the necessary assistance. For example needs for both Matthew and David vary and might change over time. Matthew's perspective might be need of rehabilitation and home help to enhance his physical well being whilst David's needs might be gradual introduction to socialisation and communication needs. Choices for independence targets services for persons at risk for institutionalisation. The Kantanian approach of individualisation (rights and respect for David and Matthew to be treated with personal differences) and user-self-determination (liberty to make informed choices or decisions) promote choice and independence (Banks, 2003:31). Direct Payments, supports self-directed care. This enables David and Matthew to recruit, organise and pay for their own services, enabling them to exercise choice and control over their lives. The campaign for real choice by guardian newspaper quotes that â€Å"the growth of direct payments is causing for celebration, alongside pilot schemes for individual budgets which give disabled people more independence† (www. guardian. co. uk). Social model is concerned with experiences of vulnerable people at a risk of oppression and social devaluation, seeking to reserve vulnerability. Medical terms have been used to normalise people, for examples labelling David as severe learning disabled and Matthew as suffering from stroke is disabling in itself, and leads to total loss of rights. However these terms are used to check threshold criteria for assessment of their needs enabling empowerment. Consequently, on meeting the criteria, local authority must facilities for services, which at this point must be pointed out that they may not necessarily be needs led as intended, but resource led due to limited resources. Simultaneously, this leads to David and Matthew depending on the state welfare instead of encouraging independence and active participation (Oliver, 1996:25). Similarly, choices encourage empowerment. David expressing his wish to stay at home proves that his mental capacity is able to receive, retain and make decisions. (Adams, Dominelli and Payne 2002:196) states capacity and ability to act on decisions brings about equality, however, this supports choice making more than services that best suits David. Possible ethical dilemmas encountered include: Choice and capacity: Because of communication problems with Matthew his dad may have to translate his thoughts expressed. Dilemma occurs as dad's interpretations may not be accurate with the Matthew's needs; this may lead to a social worker implementing wrong services. Similarly wrong services may also be offered if in the past Matthew has had little or no experience of choosing. Care and control imposed due to limited resources, social workers are obligated to evaluate David and Matthew against other service users who are in need. Following the utilitarian approach, the dilemma here is whose needs outweigh the other? On what orders would these needs be prioritised? If David and Matthew's priority are of low, then resources will be allocated to those in most significant risk. Consequently lead to two immoral issues: (a) Societal distrust in social work profession as most people fear being selected for sacrifice despite their needs, (b) David's and Matthew's health might get worse as they have to wait a long time for care packages to be implemented. Empowerment process shifts power away from social workers and given to service users. This reliance to create the conditions for empowerment and identify eligible for empowerment would appear to contradict this intended shift of power. Conflict of interest arises on who the primary client is. Once a referral has been made, a social worker will purposely be going in to assess whoever is in need. However it soon comes to light that both the service user and the carer are in need, torn between two people in need a social worker therefore has to work with the whole family creating conflict of interest. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 states that: â€Å"a person must be assumed to have capacity unless it is established that he lacks capacity†. In line with this, dilemma occurs on how to assess capacity and to what extend would capacity be measurable? A social worker is obliged to make a value judgmental call, and if the wrong move is made then the consequences lie with the social worker. To overcome these dilemmas awareness training and anti discriminatory practice would give a balance. From learnt theories it is evident that some social workers might have limited resources and lack of awareness. If a social worker is not aware or informed of these factors, then they will not be able to achieve empowering practice and that they will find their practice may revolve more around issues of empowerment and control are evidently forgetting service users and carers self-determination. Conclusively, Social workers are employed in varied social settings necessitating diversity of social work roles. Empowerment enriches and enhances human suffering, therefore should always be linked with anti-discrimination. The topic of empowerment is very broad, it not only requires technical competence but also qualities of integrity, genuiness and self-awareness.

REGIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

REGIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT - Essay Example The percentage of unemployed people in Scotland have been reducing due to the massive expansion of businesses in the region such as the oil and gas sector (Herald Scotland, 2015). This growth has brought about job creation thus the improvement of employment rates to a â€Å"record high†. The unemployment rates in North Ireland also match those in Scotland in being the lowest among the four due to an improving economic situation that as resulted in more job offerings in the public and private sector (Houston, 2014). In Wales, programs implanted by the government such as the Jobs Growth Wales have played a significant role in reducing the unemployment rates (Gov.wales, 2013). The government may use policies that create good economic conditions for businesses to thrive on such as encouraging the creation of new business. These conditions will enable businesses to grow that translates into the need for more workers in the particular. The authorities can also sponsor the youth and educate them on how to create successful enterprises so that they can also use their skills to earn a living and employ themselves such as through web design among others. Therefore, the unemployment rates are reduced in the process. The government can also undertake an analysis of the labor market in various regions to determine places inhabited mostly by unemployed individuals. They can reduce the tax levels for the business in the area so as to increase the level of unemployment. They can also create institutions that enabled the unemployed to learn skills that may help them to get jobs. LondonlovesBusiness.com. [online] Londonlovesbusiness.com. Available at: http://www.londonlovesbusiness.com/business-news/economic/why-are-one-in-10-londoners-unemployed/259.article [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Month - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. [Online] BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. Available at:

TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE ISSUES FOR A MOBILE APPLICATION TO SUPPORT Literature review

TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE ISSUES FOR A MOBILE APPLICATION TO SUPPORT CHRONIC DISEASE PATIENTS IN SAUDI ARABIA - Literature review Example However, the report indicated that in the next two decades non-communicable diseases in Africa would be the leading cause of deaths based on current projections. Apart from deaths, chronic diseases are also the major cause of disabilities among the population. Chronic diseases have further resulted to economic burden on the state government. In addition to non-communicable diseases, developing countries struggle with management of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria epidemics. Jeffreys (2011) argued that the prevalence of chronic diseases in these states does not displace the effects of the infectious diseases but enhances further the deteriorative effects of both diseases. This has led to overburdening of the medical budget, which directly affects medical healthcare services. Increased cases of chronic diseases have been closely linked with poorer healthcare services due to inadequacy of funds and strained medical staff that are often overworked and underpaid. In the end, continual prevalence of non-communicable diseases is likely to deter economic growth of developing countries. This is due to diversion of funds to health care systems as opposed to allocation of the funds to income generating projects. There also exits the burden of managing risk factors associated with chronic diseases. According to Defronzo (2004), chronic diseases can be easily controlled by minimization of associated risk factors. The main risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases include the following: tobacco use in any form, intake of high cholesterol, low fruit and vegetable diet, overweight and obesity, alcohol consumption and sedentary lifestyle. Studies by Centre for Disease Control (2014) indicated that 80% of heart diseases, stroke and Type 2 diabetes could be prevented and controlled by avoiding chronic risk factors.

The impact of user genated content and social media networks in Dissertation

The impact of user genated content and social media networks in consumer behaviour - Dissertation Example Hence, the primary research question of the current study is what is the impact of user generated content and social media networks in consumer behaviour? There are very few studies conducted on the subject, which makes the potential contribution of this study to the marketing communications literature valuable. In order to answer the aforementioned question, the researcher adopts a qualitative design, or more particularly, in-depth interviews. The sample size is small and respondents are chose purposively. The researcher takes into account not just the strong points of the qualitative research method but also its empirical, practical, theoretical and ethical limitations. Introduction The primary research question this study will attempt to answer is â€Å"What is the impact of user generated content and social media networks in consumer behaviour?† More specifically, this study will try to answer the following questions: a. Do consumers consult user generated content and soci al media if they are planning to buy something? b. Do consumers consult product-review websites, such as Epinions.com, on a regular basis? c. Do consumers participate in an online forum where in direct discussions about particular products or services are carried out? d. Do consumers post content about the products they bought or plan of buying, or interested in, in product-review websites? e. What are the purpose(s) of consumers in participating in user generated content and social media? f. Do user generated content and social media networks promote unregulated buying behaviour? This topic has been chosen by the researcher because of the fact that word-of-mouth communications entrenched in social media and user generated content are occupying an ever more major role in the preferences of consumers by assisting consumers in making decisions about technologically intricate products, rummage through a sudden increase in product-focused information, amass consumers’ experience and opinion, and perform it at an immensely reduced cost (Laughlin & MacDonald 2010). The emergent influence of user generated content and social media in consumer behaviour deserves scholarly attention so as to present further knowledge of a major enigma of marketing. Relation to Previous Research A number of studies, even though few, have been carried out to identify whether or not user generated content and social media influences customer behaviour and decisions, but their outcomes diverge. The study of Schlossberg (1992 as cited in Thorson & Moore 1996) reports that social media may be useful to consumers as a persuasive instrument in influencing behaviours and decisions and perhaps in building more encouraging social attitudes and actions; others report that affirmative thoughts about the social media do not automatically affect the preference and decisions of consumers. Basically, the limited number of empirical research and contradictory results make the effects of user gene rated content and social media difficult to quantify. Hence, an important mission is assigned for researchers to study the form of user generated content that are successful in influencing buying behaviour and decision of consumers. Brown and colleagues (2007 as cited in Laughlin & MacDonald 2010) report that contrary to conventional face-to-face social messages, consumers seem

Consumer Compliance- week 5 Discussion Post Responses Assignment

Consumer Compliance- week 5 Discussion Post Responses - Assignment Example A mortgage and a Deed of Trust helps in making sure that the loan is paid back by the lender. They secure the loan’s repayment by placing a lien on the property (Bevans, 2009). In a mortgage, the lien gives the right to the lender to sell the property and recover money while a Deed of Trust gives a lien to a trustee. In case of default, a mortgage requires that the judicial foreclosure which is often costly while a Deed of Trust allows for non-judicial foreclosure which is often faster and less costly (Haupt & Haupt, 2006). Both the documents help in securing a loan and provide mechanisms for recovery the loan incase the borrower defaults. A mortgage gives foreclosure rights to the lender while a Deed of Trust gives the rights to the trustee. Even though Deed of Trust seems to be the most efficient method because it allows for faster foreclosure time than a mortgage, it complicates the process because it has more parties involved (Haupt & Haupt, 2006). However, incorporating a trustee facilitates the foreclosure process because that is their area of specialization. They have the necessary man power to easily foreclose. Nevertheless, a Deed of Trust requires that proper notices be posted and rules followed, which makes it equally time-consuming (Bevans, 2009).Bottom of

HUM310_LQ3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HUM310_LQ3 - Essay Example At the beginning of the sixteenth century, music saw a number of significant changes with rising of polyphonic music and music printing in France, Germany, and England among others. Renaissance artists and philosophers were religious like those of the middle ages and their aim was to reconcile theological practice with the spirit of philosophy called Humanism. With the protestant reformation by Martin Luther through his inquiries against the teachings of the Catholic Church which resulted to the founding of the Lutheran denomination, this had a tremendous impact on Renaissance music posing a religious rebellion. This was a reform process which gave rise to new churches and new types of sacred music, the turmoil in the church scene made a path for secular music to rival its sacred counterpart through word painting, polyphonic imitation and music printing ((Derrick, 1983). Renaissance is reflected musically through improved expression and more personal compositional styles which make it sound sweeter than medieval music. The sound of words does not make them unholy or holy and as such sounds can not describe a song as secular or holy. Whether music is sacred or secular has no basis in Scripture and this in a way has led to use of the same motives and this profane the word of God. For instance Luthers music was just as scandalous, consider for instance his lyric "A Mighty Fortress", this was set in a beer-drinking tune. Many gospel writers have hijacked popular music some of which are too romantic. This has changed the church way of singing, kind of songs and not to any better. With todays technology you can program any beat or rhythm because its just numbers and it would be ridiculous to say that for some numbers would be holy than others. Human body is made in a way the feeling of rhythm while from inside the heart beats in rhythm and outside the uni verse pulsates and moves in rhythm. Actually to not

Facebook Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Facebook - Research Paper Example In the view of such vulnerable position, the state legislative entities have shown their concern regarding the state of security being provided by Face book. Senate has shown its interest in bid to make Face book more secure (Teschler 2010). The aims of the paper is to evaluate the present state of Face book services, its security functions, the potential loopholes and safety that is offered by Face book, assess the level of concern shown by different segments and the possible changes that may be made in order to make Face book more effective and less insecure. Face book has become the most famous and successful social network in the internet world. According to Alexa, a website the specializes in the determination of the ranking of the web sites, Face book is the runner-up behind the famous search engine Google (Alexa 2012). However, surrounding the Face book revolution and evolution drama, there have been controversies, speculations and rumors about the privacy policy of this, first social network in the world. Recently, the issue received considerable attention from the media. Therefore, there are two sides, those who agree with the policy of Face book and those who are against the Privacy Policy. The issue has ballooned during the recent revolutions in the world, especially "The Arab Spring". The reason is that planning for the revolutions happened on pages or within groups on Face book specifically. Because of this, some Governments have to stand against the policy of Face book. For example, Saudi Arabias King Abdullah had wanted to buy out Face book for $150 billion because he was very upset with Mark Zukerberg, who is the CEO of Face book, for allowing revolt Face book pages in Egypt and Libya to be formed (BBC 2011). According to Mark Zukerberg, it is the users themselves, who seek such an expanded option list and further, people are less insecure due to the prevailing trends that have evolved over

Answering Questions about Pioneers of Psychology Term Paper

Answering Questions about Pioneers of Psychology - Term Paper Example Moore (2006) argues that falling of an apple noticed by Newton leads to growth of commonsense psychology which in turn guides us to human psychology. It can be said that observation of free falling apple and formulation of laws of gravity is a reflection of common sense of a great person like Newton. In addition to common sense psychology, Newton has also done an important work regarding color vision which has a great significance in biological psychology and physiology. Freedheim (2003) discusses in his work that Newton was the only physicist who recognized the nature of color. Before and during the time of Newton, there was a great debate that whether light is wave or particle in nature. But Newton supported particle theory about the nature of light. This theory left deep impact on early development of psychology. One can say that Newton based his scientific theories on practical experience of phenomenon. It is known as an empirical approach. This approach was also adopted in psych ology and philosophy due to its fruitful results. Kumar (2002) writing about Newton’s approach says that Lock profoundly admired him and sought to develop such an approach in philosophy which was similar to it. Later on this approach helped psychologists to study human behavior. There is close relation among subjects of social as well as natural sciences. Describing this relationship Bornstein (1984, p. 242) writes â€Å"physics begets bio-chemistry, bio-chemistry begets physiology and physiology begets psychology†. So one can say that physics has great closeness with psychology and laws of motion and gravitation have influenced the subject matter of psychology. Present scholars say that if a child asks about falling of apples or any other similar thing then one can answer him with profound understanding of laws of nature. 2. Errors in Aristotle’s Psychology Aristotle occupies a significant place in different fields, such as literature, philosophy, history and p sychology. As he has contributed in other fields, similarly his prominent work in psychology has attracted the attention of great scholars and psychologists. Many researchers have critically examined and studied Aristotle’s thoughts about the mind of human beings. He has discussed about the soul, human imagination, perception, thinking and desire. Aristotle’ psychology has prominent role in study of soul which is called psuche in Greek language. Aristotle distinguishes between living and non-living things on basis of existence of soul. Aristotle argues that all living things have soul while no-living things do not have this essential element. He further says that due to this important element people grow, digest, breathe and reproduce. He also believes that plants and animals have souls as human beings. Aristotle has further categorized the organisms on basis of their capabilities. In Aristotle’s view plants and animals possess lesser powers of soul while human souls have more powers. Moreover, Aristotle argues that soul cannot live outside the body. Guthrie (1956) explaining this concept of soul says that in Aristotle’s view body is a tool through which soul expresses itself. On the other hand, Aristotle talking about ‘thought’ maintains that it can exist outside the body of a person. When one analyzes psychological works of Aristotle, then many errors become evident. One major criticism

Applying Balanced Scorecard Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Applying Balanced Scorecard - Assignment Example First, a balanced score card can be used in the financial category to help evaluate information on key financial performance measurements. Such measurements include: risk assessment analysis and cost and benefit analysis. Secondly, a balanced scorecard can help the organization assess their performance when it comes to the business process. A business scorecard gauges how a company is running when compared to the organization’s mission. As far as the learning and growth perspective of an organization is concerned, a company can evaluate its performance using two measures. First, the availability of trainers and mentors in an organization and secondly, the availability of help if needed by the employees. In the customer category, metrics on evaluating a customer’s satisfaction are crucial in monitoring the organization’s performance. In this category, questionnaires can be used to evaluate customer’s satisfaction. Customer complaints should also be checked, as this will definitely have an impact on future business

Code of Conduct Essay Example for Free

Code of Conduct Essay Public office is a public trust. It is the policy of the State to promote a high standard of ethics in public service. Public officials and employees shall at all times be accountable to the people and shall discharge their duties with utmost responsibility, integrity, competence, and loyalty, act with patriotism and justice, lead modest lives, and uphold public interest over personal interest. RULE I NORMS OF BEHAVIOR Section 1. Norms of Conduct/Behavior of NBI Officials and Employees. 1. NBI officials and employees shall always uphold public interest over and above personal interest. All government resources and powers of their respective offices must be employed and used efficiently, effectively, honestly and economically, particularly to avoid wastage in public funds and revenues. 2. NBI officials and employees shall perform and discharge their duties with the highest degree of excellence, professionalism, intelligence and skill. They shall enter public service with utmost devotion and dedication to duty. They shall endeavor to discourage wrong perceptions of their roles as dispensers or peddlers of undue patronage. 3. NBI officials and employees shall remain true to the people at all times. They must act with justness and sincerity and shall not discriminate against anyone, especially the poor and the underprivileged. They shall, at all times, respect the rights of others and shall refrain from doing acts contrary to law, good morals, good customs, public policy, public order, public safety and public interest. They shall not dispense or extend undue favors on account of their office to their relatives, whether by consanguinity or affinity, except with respect to appointments of such relatives to positions considered strictly confidential or as members of their personal staff whose terms are coterminous with theirs. 4. NBI officials and employees shall provide service to everyone without discrimination and regardless of party or religious affiliation or preference. 5. NBI officials and employees shall extend prompt, courteous, and adequate service to the public. Unless otherwise provided by law or when required by the public interest, NBI officials and employees shall provide information of their policies and procedures in clear and understandable language, conduct public consultations and hearings whenever appropriate, encourage suggestions, simplify and systematize policies, rules and procedures, avoid red tape and develop an understanding and appreciation of the socio-economic conditions prevailing in the country, especially in the depressed rural and urban areas. 6. NBI officials and employees shall, at all times, be loyal to the Republic and to the Filipino people, promote the use of locally produced goods, resources and technology and encourage appreciation and pride of country and people. They shall endeavor to maintain and defend Philippine sovereignty against foreign intrusion. 7. NBI officials and employees shall, at all times, uphold the Constitution and commit themselves to the democratic way of life and values and maintain the principle of public trust and accountability. 8. NBI officials and employees and their families shall lead modest lives appropriate to their positions and income. They shall not indulge in extravagant or ostentatious display of wealth in any form. In addition to Section 1, NBI Agents/Special Investigators are also duty-bound to: 1. Safeguard lives and property; and protect the innocent against deception, the weak against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against violence or disorder. 2. Respect the Constitutional rights of all persons to liberty, equality and justice. 3. Keep their private lives unsullied as an example to all. 4. Maintain courageous calm in the face of danger, scorn or ridicule. 5. Develop self-restraint. 6. Be constantly mindful of the welfare of others. 7. Be honest in thought and in deed, in both their personal and official lives. 8. Keep secret what they hear or see of a confidential nature or that is confided to them in their official capacities, unless revelation is necessary in the performance of their duty. 9. Keep personal feelings, prejudices, animosities or friendships from influencing their decisions. 10. Enforce the law courteously and appropriately without fear or favor, malice or ill will, without employing unnecessary force or violence, and without accepting gratuities. 11. Be exemplary by obeying the laws of the land. 12. Never use unnecessary force or violence. 13. Recognize their badge of office as a symbol of public faith and accept it as a public trust, to be held so long as they are true to the ethics of the law enforcement service. 3Public office is a public trust. It is the policy of the State to promote a high standard of ethics in public service. Public officials and employees shall at all times be accountable to the people and shall discharge their duties with utmost responsibility, integrity, competence, and loyalty, act with patriotism and justice, lead modest lives, and uphold public interest over personal interest. RULE I NORMS OF BEHAVIOR Section 1. Norms of Conduct/Behavior of NBI Officials and Employees. 1. NBI officials and employees shall always uphold public interest over and above personal interest. All government resources and powers of their respective offices must be employed and used efficiently, effectively, honestly and economically, particularly to avoid wastage in public funds and revenues. 2. NBI officials and employees shall perform and discharge their duties with the highest degree of excellence, professionalism, intelligence and skill. They shall enter public service with utmost devotion and dedication to duty. They shall endeavor to discourage wrong perceptions of their roles as dispensers or peddlers of undue patronage. 3. NBI officials and employees shall remain true to the people at all times. They must act with justness and sincerity and shall not discriminate against anyone, especially the poor and the underprivileged. They shall, at all times, respect the rights of others and shall refrain from doing acts contrary to law, good morals, good customs, public policy, public order, public safety and public interest. They shall not dispense or extend undue favors on account of their office to their relatives, whether by consanguinity or affinity, except with respect to appointments of such relatives to positions considered strictly confidential or as members of their personal staff whose terms are coterminous with theirs. 4. NBI officials and employees shall provide service to everyone without discrimination and regardless of party or religious affiliation or preference. 5. NBI officials and employees shall extend prompt, courteous, and adequate service to the public. Unless otherwise provided by law or when required by the public interest, NBI officials and employees shall provide information of their policies and procedures in clear and understandable language, conduct public consultations and hearings whenever appropriate, encourage suggestions, simplify and systematize policies, rules and procedures, avoid red tape and develop an understanding and appreciation of the socio-economic conditions prevailing in the country, especially in the depressed rural and urban areas. 6. NBI officials and employees shall, at all times, be loyal to the Republic and to the Filipino people, promote the use of locally produced goods, resources and technology and encourage appreciation and pride of country and people. They shall endeavor to maintain and defend Philippine sovereignty against foreign intrusion. 7. NBI officials and employees shall, at all times, uphold the Constitution and commit themselves to the democratic way of life and values and maintain the principle of public trust and accountability. 8. NBI officials and employees and their families shall lead modest lives appropriate to their positions and income. They shall not indulge in extravagant or ostentatious display of wealth in any form. Section 2. Norms of Conduct/Behavior of NBI Operatives. In addition to Section 1, NBI Agents/Special Investigators are also duty-bound to: 1. Safeguard lives and property; and protect the innocent against deception, the weak against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against violence or disorder. 2. Respect the Constitutional rights of all persons to liberty, equality and justice. 3. Keep their private lives unsullied as an example to all. 4. Maintain courageous calm in the face of danger, scorn or ridicule. 5. Develop self-restraint. 6. Be constantly mindful of the welfare of others. 7. Be honest in thought and in deed, in both their personal and official lives. 8. Keep secret what they hear or see of a confidential nature or that is confided to them in their official capacities, unless revelation is necessary in the performance of their duty. 9. Keep personal feelings, prejudices, animosities or friendships from influencing their decisions. 10. Enforce the law courteously and appropriately without fear or favor, malice or ill will, without employing unnecessary force or violence, and without accepting gratuities. 11. Be exemplary by obeying the laws of the land. 12. Never use unnecessary force or violence. 13. Recognize their badge of office as a symbol of public faith and accept it as a public trust, to be held so long as they are true to the ethics of the law enforcement service. 3

Social criticism through science fiction literature

Social criticism through science fiction literature Science fiction frequently involves social criticism. The use of social criticism is an author’s interest in addressing specific political, social, cultural, economic or religious issues in their work. When reading or critiquing these stories, it is necessary to see what the author might be saying about our lives, our society, our political and power relations, gender roles, or sexuality. Every author has a point to make, and may make use of social criticism as a means to this end. In the short story, â€Å"Baby, You Were Great!† by Kate Wilhelm, she employs one of the best ways to critique society, by playing with gender roles. This story was written in 1967, when sexism was rampant and her interpretation of women as commodities seems very timely. The story also works as a commentary on the future of media, celebrity, and the various forms of vicarious pleasure that can be acquired from our new technologies and the myriad fantasies that these technologies permit. Obviously, this story predates our current reality shows, which have become so popular. Nonetheless, it was a harbinger of things to come. This seems to be attributable to the universal human need to feel and experience novelty, and technology’s ability to allow humans to do so much more than their physical bodies may allow. Who doesn’t wonder what it is like to have some of the experiences that people have on these shows? Another, more obvious way that science fiction comments on society is through the relationship between man and technology. These stories are usually used to caution us against an over-dependence on technology. Humanity is seen as always searching for the next thing that can make our lives easier, but sometimes things can go radically wrong. For instance, in â€Å"I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream,† by Harlan Ellison, computers were created by humans to fight their wars. Somehow they join together into one linked and unified computer called AM, who discovers sentience. He quickly runs data to kill everyone on Earth except for five survivors with whom he plays out his sadistic and revenge-filled mind games. The goal of his game is not to actually kill them, but to torment them and to continue to torture them forever. Moreover, AM has acquired hatred for his creators. Obviously AM is only reflecting the traits that were inherent in the society that created him. The story demonst rates that there is a little piece of AM in all of us. AM is the watcher and Punisher. He is the terminator that cannot stop, for that is his job. The reader can feel and empathize with the survivor’s ongoing state of misery, apprehension and fear. In conclusion, the ending is pretty horrific with Ted ending up a slug-like, mouthless blob with no extremities. It is nice to know that Ted does care about the others because he frees them by killing them, leaving himself alone to face the music. The story shows us what we can look forward to if we choose to hand over our choices and our control, to the semi-sentient machine of government. This whole catastrophe happened due to a global world war. It is a warning as valid today as it was when this story was written, back when people realized that we should not be in Vietnam and anti-war sentiment had finally begun to spread on a mass scale. We lost that one too. Finally, Harlan Ellison comments on social control and regulation in the short story â€Å"Repent, Harlequin! Said the Ticktockman, which was published in 1965. The story describes the Marxist perspective of the inherent class warfare and contradictions that are part and parcel of a society subjugated and oppressed by a dominant ruling class. In any class society, there will be a dominant ideology, made up of the ideas and institutions which favor the ruling class. Ticktockman and Harlequin personify the struggles between law and order and personal freedom, as well as the paramount conflict between forced discipline and creative individuality. Specifically, it seems to have been written to protest the rigid bureaucracy ruled by an equally unfeeling social elite. It shows what can happen in the future if the world resorts to coerced labor forces and obsession with time. People then were already addicted to mass consumption and many countries were/are under totalitarian rule. At the e nd of the story, it is ironic that Ticktockman is even guilty of not being on time. The Harlequin is the solitary person who refuses to be controlled. Indeed, disruptive and rebellious, Harlequin is the obvious deviant because he is the only human being who goes against the powers that be. In short, the theme of the story basically shows how useless protest usually is in achieving social change. Only the great, tragic, jelly bean showering clown had the guts to go against the status quo of the government, only to be forcibly reprocessed by the ruling hierarchy and forced into conformity. All three stories exemplify the authors’ use of particular social issues to comment on and criticize many of man’s ongoing dilemmas that underscore the volatile state of the world and our place in it. Of particular importance is how we treat one another in a world so obsessed with consumerism, sex, power, and money. It is time for a reassessment of what is truly important as we trudge into an uncertain future. Question 3 During the 1950s and 1960s, the United States was in the midst of the Cold War with Russia, also known also as the Red Scare and McCarthyism. Americans had a fear of the communist regime taking over the U.S. Senator McCarthy investigated government employees and the Hollywood film industry in search of communist sympathizers. America had also gone to war with Korea, and the Vietnam War was spiraling out of control. In addition, the Soviets had launched Sputnik, so we were rivals in many areas. Subsequently, these mostly unfounded fears spurred conservatism and the compromising of many civil liberties. Many of the science fiction stories played on these fears. According to many people, the 1950s and 1960s is when science fiction â€Å"grew up.† I concur with this assessment. During the 1950s, science fiction was finally getting some respect by literary scholars. People were beginning to see that science fiction fantasy was actually becoming scientific fact. Many inventions which had been predicted in earlier pulp novels, such as the atomic bomb, transistor radios, ATM’s, the computer mouse, and television were now a reality. With the coming of the 1960s a radical change, known as the New Wave, took place in science fiction. These stories were about everyday people being influenced by science and concerned itself more with sex and violence than with the science itself. Without a doubt, it was a reaction against earlier science fiction. This New Wave created a more urbane and metaphoric style of science fiction much different from the past. Also, during this time, America was going through a cultural revolution known as the â€Å"Psychedelic Sixties.† Young people broke society’s rules in every imaginable way, especially through rock music and fashion. They rejected the establishments mores and manners. The hippie counter-culture was born. They were embracing new ideas, thoughts, and inspiration from the world around them because they had grown up in a changing society influenced now by drugs, as well as science and technology. They saw the first space flights and watched as the first man walked on the moon. Thus, science fiction matured along with society, incorporating these new influences which now appealed to adults, not just kids. Based on what we have read so far, I am in total agreement with the notion that it was during this time period that science fiction â€Å"grew up.† In short, these last series of stories demonstrate this maturation process. Stories such as â€Å"Baby, You Were Great,† which dealt with sexism, reflected the 1960s women’s rights movement, and the changing cultural and social climate of that era. Repent, Harlequin! Said The Ticktockman,† by Harlan Ellison, can be seen to epitomize the young hippies and other young adults’ aversion to being forced to be puppets of the ruling elite and drafted into the military as agents in a war they did not believe in. According to Timothy Leary, people were advised to Turn On, Tune In, and Drop Out. That is what the Harlequin did, but to no avail. Like the hippies, he succumbed to the powers that be. At least he valiantly tried, and who doesn’t like a clown?

The Two Stories Of Creation That Begin Genesis Religion Essay

The Two Stories Of Creation That Begin Genesis Religion Essay According the creation of genesis there two stories that differ from the other, but at the same time both of them have similarities .Genesis is the first book of the book which provokes conflict about creation of Earth. The first story of Genesis is introduced to Ps vision and how the creation was. Throughout this story, God human creation was in the six day; also God created humans by his own image. In the other side there is the second story of Genesis which represents the Js vision of creation, based on this story human have different origin from the first story. In Genesis II God did not created man by his own image, it was created of the dust of the ground(Genesis 2:7). Comparing both stories there is a huge difference of power between the two Gods. Moreover these two creations show evidence in different styles of writing and have conflict with it. Both versions of Genesis have been contrasted, in the first story of Genesis, the order of creation differ from Genesis II. In Genesis I the heaven was first, then came animals, and finally was the man. But in the other hand, Genesis II human was placed on Earth before the animals and nature.(genesis 1:1, genesis 2.1) After those different versions is really difficult to understand the truth of Gods creation. In comparison between these stories is that God created the Earth like human kind, but in different ways. The most important similarity is that God shows humans complete love and adornment and only gives them one strict measure not eat from the Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden. But they do not obey him, and they eat from it anyway. Before the mankind comes, Genesis I have a lot of events such as firmament, waters, plants and animals. Meanwhile, in Genesis two the preparation for mans home was really emphatic and special planning upon human. There different emphases in the two storiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦., but the reason for these is obvious. Genesis I continue the narrative of creation until the climax, namely, man made in the image and likeliness of God. In Genesis II gives certain added details about mans original condition, which would have been incongruous and out of place in the grand, declarative in Genesis I(Edward J. Young, 1960).Therefore in Genesis II the center of this creation was human, it involves his setting and how perfect God created him. And at the same time in Genesis II there is no mention of creation of Earth and Oceans. There is no allusion to the sun, moon. The main purpose of this creation is to show how man was developing around the Earth. In contrast Genesis I explain us a general conclusion of this creation that have lastly a human without any details that involves him. Therefore, it show a man which was created without any main goal, this story basically describe an important care of environment as plants and nature. Moreover, Genesis I the creation of human takes place on the sixth day and is as follows, And God said, Let us make man in our image, in our likeness. As a result God created man in his image and also male and female.(Genesis 1:26) Be fertile an increase, fill the Earth and master it. The story of Adam and Eve portrays them as the two characters that did not have enough understanding of the effects of disobedience would bring to their lives and their next generations. In comparison, there is another similarity is that in the first account, there was a pre-existing watery chaos. The ocean was already present and a wind moved across the surface. The seas rested on the dry land , which appeared on day 3 when God gathered the waters together.(Genesis 1:1 to 2:4). The second story says that there was pre-existing dry land.AT first God created Adam, and then began to create all other living things. As a result God before created human being, he had made the water around the world. In version Ps God was the creator, there was no mention of laws and redeeming, how this God had made everything and was omniscient. This contrast from the Ps vision God, the evidence of this is found in Genesis II , where J explain, You shall no eat from it and you shall not touch it, lest you died. (Genesis 3:3) In this case it is referring to the tree of Knowledge, in the Garden of Eden. This shows evidence that Js God was the lawgiver and judgment giver. When comparing this to Ps God, we can observe that Js God was not as all knowledge. In Js vision found this disobedience from Adam and Eve, thats why he started the judgment. It is in this aspect that Js God is not omniscient. Another big contrast as we can see in Genesis II, God require materials to make Earth. This is opposed to how God is making Earth in Genesis I. in genesis I, the earth could bring forth vegetation, in Genesis II, there is no vegetation without rain and tillage of the ground by man; God has plant the first garden himself (Wybrow, 138) So, it demonstrates the difference in the Earth process to be set up. Furthermore, another difference is that in genesis I God doesnt have a very clear characterization because God was more a powerful and omniscient being. While in Genesis II God was less powerful, simply because it could not just imagine something into creation. The best way to reconcile the accounts was to assume that in the six days of creation, God created the potential for everything that unfolded, so that the potentiality for humanity was created on the sixth day, and this potentiality then became actual when activated by the breath of God. So it avoids contradictions between the two stories. It is a really interesting text which could be connected with the evolution.(Augustine of Hippo).Therefore in real life both stories are based with a same purpose, created the man and environment around him, but both creations did it at his own style. In conclusion, to me understand in Genesis I and Genesis II there are great comparisons and differences about the creation. Genesis I was written by the author P who is known as Priestly writer. Genesis II was written by the author J. I believe that Genesis I and II are very important to have an argument to discuss and analyze the creation of the earth and men.

Got Milk? Advertisement Analysis Essay -- Advertisements Commercials M

â€Å" This advertisement was found in the October issue of Cosmopolitan. â€Å"Got Milk† advertisements are seen in all types of magazines from sports to beauty, featuring many different kinds of celebrities selling their product. The product being sold in â€Å"Got Milk† advertisements is, of course, milk. They are trying to reinforce that the calcium in milk keeps bones strong and helps prevent osteoporosis. In this advertisement for milk irony is it’s secret weapon to get the point across. There is a green eyed blonde with a low cut â€Å"little black dress† caressing her flawless body with her arm around a martini glass filled with milk. She is seductively leaning against a glass covered wooden bar with a luring gleam in her eyes. Her and the milk are the main focus of this advertisement. In the background is faded liquor and wine bottles. While looking at her you cannot take your eyes off of her milk mustache and the milk martini glass that got to touch her full pink lips. The irony of this advertisement is that out of all the handsome tall liquor bottles, she chose the thin lean martini with milk in it. The difference between her night black dress and the pure white milk contrasts like night and day. Good and bad shows their faces at the bar. The sex appeal of this woman in a bar full of alcohol drinking milk makes you question what the purpose of this add is. The positioning, proportions, and color in this ad portray the use of the goodness/purity of white milk positioned directly by the dark seductive woman and liquor bottles, which make you question what is good and bad for yourself. The proportions of the liquor bottles and the martini milk glass in this advertisement show the sizes, or importance of these objects. The liquor bottles, being small and in the back of the advertisement show that they are not as important to the viewer as the milk, which is larger and in the front. Of course it would be this way because the whole point of the advertisement is selling the product, milk. The liquor bottles are, therefore, in the back of the advertisement to cause your eye to wander to notice them and to intrigue your conscience. The martini glass is tall and slender just like the woman that stands beside it. The figure of the martini glass stands out to the viewer and makes him or her think about what is right for their body. The martini glass is a positive aspect of ... ...s for yourself. With the dark, liquor bottles in the background it suggests to the viewer that they should accept the temptation and not choose the milk. The milk, being the only white object in the advertisement is chosen by the woman and will influence the viewers by the vibrant white color of the milk. The colors used in this advertisement try to influence and tempt the viewer into picking what is bad for them, but because of the bold, white color of the milk viewers are not mistaken. The use of the goodness/purity of white milk positioned directly by the dark seductive woman and liquor bottles, that make you question what is good and bad for you is portrayed by the proportions, positioning, and color in the advertisement. The proportions show the sizes and importance of the objects in this advertisement by deceiving the eyes of the viewer. The martini milk glass and the liquor bottles in this advertisement lead one to think about the good and bad choices they make for themselves everyday by the positioning of the objects. The enforcement of the idea, black and white, or good and bad, is described through the colors of the liquor bottles and the martini milk glass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

History Of The Internet Essay -- essays research papers

The year is 1957 and the USSR has just launched the first artificial earth satellite. In response America launches the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DOD) to create America’s lead in science and technology. The Internet had its humble beginnings here, within ARPA’s many projects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Internet has become one of the key symbols of today’s pop culture: everything has a â€Å"dot com† address; people do not say â€Å"call me,† but instead its â€Å"I’ll E-mail you;† and the new word on the stock market is â€Å"E-business.† The Internet has not always been such a key figure in American life; in fact it was mostly unheard of until recently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theory for the Internet first started being published in 1961 with Leonard Kleinrock’s document on packet-switching theory, â€Å"Information Flow in Large Communication Net.† This document presented the theory behind the first problem of the Internet, and how to solve it1. The problem was this: when a large document is sent then pieces of it become lost in transfer and the entire document has to be resent, but then different pieces are missing from the new copy of the document. This is a major problem and the obvious solution is to â€Å"chop† the information up into smaller pieces and then transmit the smaller pieces2. Then another problem was realized, how does the computer know where to put these small bits of information? The solution to that was what has come to be known as packet-switching (PS). In PS, the entire document is sent in a bunch of tiny â€Å"packets,† these packets contain the information of the document â€Å"wrapped† in its placement on the page. The receiving computer then sends a message back to the transmitting computer telling it which packets were corrupted or missing and the transmitting computer then re-sends the lost information3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next problem that the Internet faced was first discovered at the ARPA’s networking project, ARPAnet. Since it was militarily connected, the leaders of ARPAnet wanted a way that information could be moved between two computers without requiring a direct connection in case the direct link between two computers failed (was destroyed). The way that the ARPAnet project dealt with this was by having the network bounce the information around without it taking a direct path... ... but enough to crash the Internet and land Mr. Morris (Jr.) a hefty fine and prison time. Earlier in that year, Internet Relay Chat was developed; something that has become one of the key factors in Internet usage today8.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the ten years since the Morris Worm the Internet has gone mainstream. After the ARPAnet ceased, the Internet had an explosion in usage and has become the giant that Americans know today. It has transformed from its humble beginnings, when it crashed on the first attempted remote LOGIN, into an economy driving, pop culture staple. Few people have heard of men such as Leonard Kleinrock, but none can say he has not contributed to America today. So, when you think about the Cold War, think about Sputnik and the Internet it created. Bibiography Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew. Where Wizards Stay up Late: The Origins of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Internet. Touchstone Books; 1998. Kristula, David. â€Å"The History of the Internet.† Network Solutions, Inc. â€Å"What is the History of the Internet?.† Segaller, Stephen. Nerds 2.0.1: A Brief History of the Internet. TV Books Inc.; 1999 Sterling, Bruce. â€Å"A Brief History of the Internet.†

Europe after the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter Reform

Europe after the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter Reformation The period immediately following the Protestant reformation and the Catholic counter reformation, was full of conflict and war. The entire continent of Europe and all of it's classes of society were affected by the destruction and flaring tempers of the period. In the Netherlands, the Protestants and the Catholics were at eachother’s throats. In France it was the Guise family versus the Bourbons. In Bohemia, the religious and political structures caused total havoc for over thirty years; and in England, the Presbyterians thought that the English Anglican Church too closely resembled the Roman Catholic Church. Religion was the major cause of the widespread turmoil that took place throughout Europe between 1560 and 1660. One example of a battle in Europe that was caused by religious conflict took place in the Netherlands, between the Dutch citizens and their ruler Phillip II of Spain. When he tried to gain control of the catholic church there, the Dutch rebelled. The Protestants began to assault the Catholics, destroy their churches, and revolt against Phillip and his strict Catholic codes in 1572. The conflict ended in 1579 with a twelve year truce, when seven of the seventeen provinces united under Calvinism and William of Orange, and formed the United Provinces. The remaining ten remained under the rule of Spain. Another example of religious turmoil was the thirty-six year civil war in France, where the Huguenots were increasing in number despite the power of their enemies, the Catholics. The French Catholics, led by the noble family, Guise, faced off with the leading family of the Huguenots, the Bourbons. "The feuds which separate... ...h the freedom to choose religion), and the Presbyterians (who wanted a strict Calvinist system controlled by a strong central power). The Independents dominated the war with their New Model Army, and became an unstoppable force in England. They were led by the influential and militant Oliver Cromwell (whose nickname became "Lord Protector")of the House of Commons, and captured Charles, removed the House of Lords and the Presbyterians from Parliament, and executed the "holy anointed." Although politics did play a major role in the conflicts that occurred in the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries; it was religion which was the major cause of the wars and devastation that occurred in this time period, and many times throughout history weather before or after the seventeenth century. Bibliography: The Western Experience;Chambers. pg505-535. 1997

Themes in Catch-22

In Catch-22, Joseph Heller explores the value of life and morality and the absurdity of war through his contrasting characterizations of Milo Minderbinder and Yossarian, the military base setting, and the conflict between Yossarian and Colonel Cathcart. Catch-22 is a satire on the bureaucratic nature of the military during World War II. Throughout Catch-22, Heller explores different character’s reactions to the insane and arbitrary nature of the military bureaucracy. The protagonist, Yossarian, desires above all to preserve his life. However, his life is continually threatened by the increasing number of missions Colonel Cathcart, the principle antagonist of Catch-22, requires him to fly. Heller characterizes Milo Minderbinder through the physiognomy of his last name. Minderbinder combines two of Milo’s characteristics – â€Å"mind† and â€Å"bind†. Milo has the lowly job of mess hall officer when he arrives on the military base in Pianosa. Milo explains to Yossarian that his goal is â€Å"give the men in this squadron the best meals in the whole world† (64). Milo creates an international syndicate that makes money by trading between the companies it owns. Even Yossarian frequently fails to understand how such a system is possible. Milo explains the system behind the syndicate: â€Å"I make a profit of three quarter cents apiece when I sell [the eggs] to me and a profit of two and three quarter cents apiece when I buy them back from me. That’s a total profit of six cents an egg† (230). However, what starts as a brilliant scheme to make money by buying food becomes sidelined when Milo begins selling information to both the Americans and the Germans. Heller explains Milo’s ability to manipulate both sides: â€Å"His planes were able to steal over in a sneak attack without alerting the German antiaircraft gunners; and since Milo knew about the attack, he was able to alert the German anti-aircraft gunners in sufficient time for them to begin firing accurately the moment the planes came into range† (255). Milo convinces the Germans to pay him for every American plane they shoot down, and convinces the Americans to pay him for every target they destroy. Because both sides of the war pay him for their efforts, Milo symbolizes the absurdity and arbitrary nature of the war. While Milo uses the war to make profit, Yossarian does his best to escape the absurdity of the war. Heller characterizes Yossarian through a flashback scene. During the Siege of Avignon, Yossarian’s friend Snowden dies in Yossarian’s arms. While in the hospital, Yossarian reflects on the lesson that incident taught him: â€Å"Man was matter, that was Snowden’s secret. Drop him out a window and he’ll fall. Set fire to him and he’ll burn. Bury him and he’ll rot, like other kinds of garbage. The spirit gone, man is garbage† (440). The lesson Yossarian learns about the value of life from his friend dying in his arms characterizes Yossarian and presents the central meaning of Catch-22. Earlier, while introducing Havermeyer, the lead bombardier of Yossarian’s squadron, Heller explains, â€Å"Havermeyer was a lead bombardier who never missed. Yossarian was a lead bombardier who had been demoted because he no longer gave a damn whether he missed or not. He had decided to live forever or die in the attempt, and his only mission each time he went up was to come down alive† (29). Yossarian’s desire to live epitomizes Heller’s central theme that life is valuable. The bureaucratic culture of the military base in Catch-22 represents blatant disregard of life, and by contrast, the value of life and morality. In the military base, men can be court-marshaled simply because they are disliked by one of their superior officers. Clevinger, one of Yossarian’s friends, who Heller describes as being â€Å"one of those people with lots of intelligence and no brains† (68), is court-marshaled, and, as Heller states, â€Å"the only thing missing was something to charge him with† (71). Clevinger’s trial is ridiculous; Lieutenant Scheisskopf spends so much time correcting the way Clevinger speaks that Clevinger cannot say a word in his defense. Heller goes as far as to say, â€Å"Clevinger was guilty, of course, or he would not have been accused, and since the only way to prove it was to find him guilty, it was their patriotic duty to do so† (81). In such an environment, where men are convicted of crimes simply for the revenge or amusement of their superiors, life becomes absurd. Through contrast with such an environment, Heller presents the actions of characters who try to separate themselves from the meaningless bureaucracy of the military base and live on the basis that life and morality have meaning. The central conflict of Catch-22 is the conflict between the opposing moralities represented by Colonel Cathcart and Yossarian. Colonel Cathcart’s greatest desire is to become a military general. Cathcart pursues promotion in an altogether unscrupulous manner. Heller explains that â€Å"forcing his men to fly more missions than everyone else was the most tangible achievement he had going for him† (214). Cathcart sets his goals ahead of morality. He is willing to force hundreds of soldiers to risk their lives for his promotion. Heller appears to have little respect for Cathcart, â€Å"Colonel Cathcart did not have a chance in hell of becoming a general† (215). Yossarian, on the other hand, is unwilling to make a decision that would benefit him at the expense of the lives of other soldiers. In response to Yossarian’s unwillingness to participate in the war, Colonel Korn offers him the choice to be sent home with an honorable discharge or be court-marshaled. During the process of presenting the plan to Yossarian, Korn establishes the basis of Yossarian’s later refusal of the plan: â€Å"You’d have to be a fool to throw it all away just for a moral principle† (428). Yossarian initially accepts the deal, in what he later describes as a â€Å"moment of weakness† (441). Later, however, Yossarian realizes that the deal is â€Å"best for Cathcart, Korn and me, not for everyone† (442). On moral grounds, Yossarian refuses a contract that presented him with an opportunity to obtain safety and honor. By contrasting Cathcart’s unscrupulous pursuit of promotion with Yossarian’s willingness to jeopardize his life for the sake of morality, Heller demonstrates the importance of life and morality. Catch-22 is an undeniable classic for Heller’s presentation of a man who finds meaning and morality within a setting that promotes absurdity. Heller contrasts the characterization of Milo Minderbinder with Yossarian, sets Catch-22 in a military base, and establishes a conflict of ideals between Colonel Cathcart and Yossarian in order to highlight the meaningful nature of life and morality.

Ketcham

At the opening of his endeavor A Rational for Civic Education. Ralph Ketcham cites the Statess forefather Thomas Jefferson who storied that to understand their dears, to maintain them, and to exercise with word of honor their parts in self-g e very(prenominal)placenment (Ketcham 145). Jefferson unders as well asd the great travails that great deal had to undertake in order to be issue free. He genuinely felt that each person to come had a civil responsibility to refrain this great freedom. I am in complete agreement with Ketcham that civic fosterage is important, hardly it is a harder t conduct to fill than one might think. This attitude is corporeal by party adults today, exactly it is harder and harder to defecate younger people understand its relevance.Unfortunately, over the centuries, people relieve oneself forgotten the master key idea of freedom as a privilege and see themselves as authorise to either the rights they can claim. How many coquette cases learn involved some variant of rights violation, as if everybody had a right to arrive everything he necessityed? Civic tuition is important for people to learn to circulate back to the country what the country has habituated to them. Instead of the country owing them, they owe the country, which was poignantly state in hindquarters F. Kennedys famous words ask non what your country can do for you, simply what you can do for your country. Decades later Jeffersons speech, President Truman sadly noted that college graduates often fell short of the military personnel wholeness and civic con apprehension which the accommodating activities of citizenship require (Ketcham 146).Basic wholey, Ketcham argues that this trend occurred as colleges and unessential schools began to see more and more assortment in their populations of students and faculty members and higher degrees of peculiarity in the indoctrinateers. Because of all this difference, the general one-size-fits-all work of Civics became many flux offerings at the college train to suit diverse interests and to, perhaps, not scandalize one of the many subsets of citizens in the mathematical process (146-147).Civics in many high schools is taught to students as young as fourteen and fifteen years old these individuals atomic number 18 too young to drive a car, right to vote in an alternative, or even to conceive their roles as a citizen, let entirely practice civic responsibility and self- organisation.In his es verify, Ketcham spends a lot of time discussing the mass solicitation of data that regimenal and social science now demands and concludes that its hold still fored purpose is political agenda, not self-governing. Fact seeking is a safe activity, and most(prenominal) educated individuals go to sleep that statistics can be made to say whatever a person wants, or needs, them to say.However, another plausible explanation is that individuals be no longer eruditeness how to op erate government, but instead they ar learning how to repress serving, how to find miniscule violations of suppose rights, to keep from having to do anything they dont want to do. It seems that many of these courses dont teach citizenship, but teach how to forefend it. The operate on the idea that your rights atomic number 18 violated if rather than for your rights, you should do this.Ketcham acknowledges that article of belief the public to serve the government is embarrassing because of differing opinions on what right is. The natural rectitude may still be intact, but the different religions and cultures that call for up the unify States can make agreement difficult. give to that the inclination for human beings to be self-seeking and self-serving and the process is muddied tho (148-149).Ketcham cited Reinhold Nieuhr who says that mans capacity for evaluator makes republic possible but mans inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary (151). trance some peop le do take civic-minded responsibility very seriously, many others do not. It seems that Ketcham does not sincerely trust people to undertake their civic roles independently and that he is probably coiffe in his hesitation.Basically, Ketcham is arguing that individuals, left to their own devices, go out not automatically spue into self-governing entities. The problem is that he doesnt unfeignedly explain how a civic education will accomplish this. While most people agree that a civic education is important, few au indeedtically know how to turn that into a substantiative populace. Even those civic duties that are exceedingly well-understood are severely underutilized. In this fast society, people just dont want to take the time.For example, one civic job that is real the source of practically bloodshed around the world right now is voting. While the recent presidential elections have been more exciting than most, the modal(a) percentage of people voting during non-Pres idential election years in my state is between 12 and 18%. These people all know that they are allowed, even compelled, to vote, but still more than four-fifths of the state does not do so. These numbers are identical for most states, especially among young people. How do we convince these people to vote? They have to know that their individual vote matters. just ab stunned people do not really believe that.Next, another civic duty that I have had more than my reasonable share of is board duty. Jury duty is a disruptive irritation to most people. Unless a juror is lucky (or unlucky) profuse to be placed on the O.J. or Paris Hilton trial, most cases are deliberate and boring. At my most recent summons, I watched as one person aft(prenominal) another attempted to weasel out of doing the duty. In fact, over a third of the jury pool did not show up.The bailiff apprised those of us remaining that they would be subpoenaed to the judge, but few of us believed it. The running capri ole is that the only members of a jury are those too stupid to get out of jury duty. If this is the case, people seem to be actively seeking ways to avoid self-government. To make matters worse, I got a put ticket for parking where I was told to park. It seems that the government is actually repelling people from worthy active citizens.Unfortunately, many people will still gripe and groan. Perhaps the ruff civic education would be to teach silence to those who dont intend to participate. Those who do participate can then assemble and appeal all they want to. Unfortunately, it seems that only the most extreme groups have the motivation to organize pickets, sit-ins and the like. The rest of the citizens are just too busy. What more or less committal to writing letters to the governor or congressmen? Well, the States has seen enough shows like West annex to know that those letters barely make it to a third of fourth filament aide. If we are to be self-governing, we must be certai n that our government will listen.Ketcham makes a valid argument that people should all be introduced to a general civics course at some point during their education. for certain every citizen should be well sexual in what it takes to be a civic-minded individual. However, he seems at a loss about how to go from the esoteric and ideal concept of a self-governing populace to the pragmatics of actually making that happen. If this push toward the more civic-minded citizen is to happen, the obstacles that the government and individuals have created will have to be identified, addressed, and overcome.